India: Environmental Movements and their Ideologies

Part A: Any Four of the following – give 12 full marks

I. Crusading Gandhianse.g. Chipko’sSunderlalBahuguna.

—  Call for Moral regeneration

—  Hark back to older Indian traditions of reverence for nature

—  Emphasis on Village republics, democracy.

II. Ecological Marxists e.g. Kerala SastraSahityaParishad.

—  Unjust distribution of resources, exploitation – must work towards equity.

—  Reject tradition

—  Establish an Economically Just society.

III. Appropriate Technologists e.g. Dasholi Gram SwarajyaMandal

—  Working synthesis of agriculture and industry

—  Mix of best of Western and Eastern technologies

—  Small is beautiful

IV. Scientific Conservatione.g. Watershed Projects

—  Use Science to increase livelihoods and to preserve environment.

—  Emphasis on Management

V. Wilderness – Nature Parks, e.g. Sariska Tiger Reserve; Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP)Borivali.

·         Preserve certain biodiverse regions, maintain pristine conditions.

·         As far as possible, remove human habitations

If instead of the above they give the following, give 6 compensatory marks, but put in a remark about the mistake:

History: Worldwide Environmental trends in the past:

1.       Back to the land

2.       Scientific Conservation

3.       Preservation of Wilderness, parks, reserves

Part B: Your own perspective on the environment – max 8 marks. Be generous. I expect them to have some ideas of ur own.